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base and New Zealand's nearby Scott Base are on the southern tip of Ross Island. Moreover, the annual sealift of a cargo ship and fuel tanker rely upon the sound as a supply route to the continent's largest base, the United States' McMurdo Station. Aircraft transporting cargo and passengers land upon frozen runways at Williams Field on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. McMurdo Sound's logistic importance continues today.
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British explorers Ernest Shackleton and Robert Scott built bases on the sound's shoreline as jumping-off points for their overland expeditions to the South Pole. McMurdo Sound's role as a strategic waterway dates back to early 20th century Antarctic exploration. However, December and January are the warmest months, with average highs at −1 ☌ (30 ☏), according to USA Today. Temperatures during the dark winter months at McMurdo Station have dropped as low as −51 ☌ (−60 ☏). Wind and currents may push the ice northward into the Ross Sea, stirring up cold bottom currents that spill into the ocean basins of the world. The Antarctic summer causes the pack ice to break up. The McMurdo Sound freezes over with sea ice about 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick during the winter. Bitter katabatic winds spilling down from the Antarctic polar plateau into McMurdo Sound demonstrate Antarctica's status as the coldest and windiest continent in the world. Wildlife in the sound include killer whales, seals, Adélie penguins, and emperor penguins.Ĭold circumpolar currents of the Southern Ocean reduce the flow of warm South Pacific or South Atlantic waters reaching McMurdo Sound and other Antarctic coastal waters. Such extreme sea conditions have limited access by tourists, who otherwise are appearing in increasing numbers in the open waters of the Antarctic Peninsula. Vessels require ice-strengthened hulls and often have to rely upon escort by icebreakers. The pack ice that girdles the shoreline at Winter Quarters Bay and elsewhere in the sound presents a formidable obstacle to surface ships. However, McMurdo Station's continuous human occupation since 1957-1958 has polluted the harbor of Winter Quarters Bay. The sound today serves as a resupply route for cargo ships and for airplanes that land on the floating ice airstrips near the McMurdo Station. Ĭaptain James Clark Ross discovered the sound, which is about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) from the South Pole, in February 1841, and he named it after Lt. It is the southernmost navigable body of water in the world.
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Less than 10 percent of McMurdo Sound's shoreline is free of ice. Antarctica's's largest scientific base, the United States' McMurdo Station, as well as the New Zealand Scott Base are on the southern shore of the island.
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The active volcano Mount Erebus at 3,794 metres (12,448 ft) dominates Ross Island. Ross Island, an historic jumping-off point for polar explorers, designates the eastern boundary. The Royal Society Range rises from sea level to 4,205 metres (13,796 ft) on the western shoreline. The strait is largely covered by the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The sound, which extends about 55 kilometres (34 mi) long and wide, connects to the Ross Sea to the north, and to the Ross Ice Shelf cavity to the south via Haskell Strait.